این هم اطلاعات پیترسون ۲۰۰۴

Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surger 2 vol. set By Michael Miloro, Peter Larsen, Peter Waite Elsevier, 2nd ed., 2004. ISBN 1550092340

Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Edition, encompasses a wide range of diverse topics making it a unique text amongst the medical and dental specialties. The purpose of this concise, easy-to-read two-volume text is to provide an authoritative and currently referenced survey of the specialty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. It contains the necessary information for clinicians and is an ideal reference text for preparation for board certification in the specialty. Answers the need for a useful, daily reference textbook that includes the full scope of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Features the contributions of recognized experts in the areas of the specialty Presents the current status of clinical practice Includes coverage of all aspects of facial esthetic surgery What's New new chapters on cleft orthodontics and distraction osteogenesis Expanded features: anesthesia section to encompass comprehensive patient assessment and management in the peri-anesthetic period osseointegrated implant section to include chapters on soft and hard tissue adjunctive procedures, zygomaticus and novum systems, as well as a section on implant prosthodontics for the surgeon Contents: VOLUME ONE Part I . Principles of Medicine, Surgery, and Anesthesia 1. Wound Healing 2. Medical Management 3. Perioperative Management 4. Preoperative Patient Assessment 5. Pharmacology of Outpatient Anesthesia Medications 6. Pediatric Sedation Part 2. Dentoalveolar Surgery 7. Management of Impacted Teeth Other than Third Molars 8. Impacted Teeth 9. Preprosthetic Surgery 10. Osseointegrated Implants 11. Adjunctive Soft Tissue Implant Procedures 12. Adjunctive Hard Tissue Implant Procedures 13. Zygomaticus and Novum Systems 14. Implant Prosthodontics Part 3. Maxillofacial Infections 15. Principles of Management of Odontogenic Infections 16. Sinus Infections 17. Osteomyelitis/Osteoradionecrosis/HBO Part 4. Maxillofacial Trauma 18. Initial Patient Assessment 19. Soft Tissue Injuries 20. Rigid vs. Semi-Rigid vs. Non-Rigid Fixation 21. Dentoalveolar Trauma 22. Mandible and Condylar Fractures 23. Maxillary and Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures 24. Ocular and Orbital Trauma 25. Management of Fractures of the Frontal Sinus Fractures and Naso-orbito-ethrnoid Complex 26. Gunshot Injuries 27. Pediatric Maxillofacial Trauma 28. Management of Panfacial Fractures Part 5. Maxillofacial Pathology 29. Differential Diagnosis of Oral Disease 30. Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors 31. Benign Nonodontogenic Lesions of the Jaws 32. Head and Neck Cancer: Diagnosis, Classification, Staging 33. Oral Cancer: Treatment 34. Lip Cancer 35. Salivary Gland Disease and Tumors 36. Management of Mucosal and Related Dermatologic Disorders 37. Skin Cancer VOLUME TWO Part 6. Maxillofacial Reconstruction 38. Local and Regional Flaps 39. Bony Reconstructions 40. Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer 41. Microneurosurgery 42. Cleft Lip and Palate 43. Alveolar Cleft Grafting 44. Secondary & Adjunctive Cleft Procedures 45. Craniofacial Syndromes 46. Craniosynostosis Part 7. Temporomandibular Joint Disease 47. TMJ Anatomy and Pathophysiology 48. Non-Surgical Management 49. Arthrocentesis / Arthroscopy 50. Surgery for Internal Derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint 51. Management of the End-Stage TMJ Patient 52. Hypomobility and Hypermobility Part 8. Orthognathic Surgery 53. Growth and Development 54. Quantification and Visualization of the Surgical Patient Problem-Based Diagnosis and Treatment Planning 55. Orthodontics For Orthognathic Surgery 56. Mandibular Surgical Procedures 57. Maxillary Surgical Produces 58. Management of Facial Asymmetry 59. Esthetic Soft Tissue Changes in Orthognathic Surgery 60. Prevention and Management of Complications of Orthognathic Surgery 61. Cleft Management in Orthognathic Surgery 62. Distraction Osteogenesis 63. Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Part 9. Facial Esthetic Surgery 64. Blepharoplasty 65. Rhinoplasty 66. Rhytidectomy 67. Forehead and Brow Procedures 68. Liposculpting Procedures 69. Skin Rejuvenation Procedures 70. Alloplastic Esthetic Facial Augmentation 71. Otoplastic Surgery for the Protruding Ear

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فصلی تحت عنوان

CHAPTER SIXTY-SEVEN

Forehead and Brow Procedures

Angelo Cuzalina, MD, DDS

Upper facial cosmetic surgery has enjoyed an

unprecedented increase in popularity over the

past decade. The yearning of baby boomers to

look and feel rejuvenated has led to new endoscopic

techniques aimed at creating a more

youthful and natural appearance with shorter

recovery periods than existed in past decades.1–3

The ultimate goal of improving a person’s

appearance remains unchanged. Society shapes

our views of what looks attractive, and no mathematic

formula can ever be used to determine an

ideal eyebrow position (Figure 67-1). Each individual

has his or her own unique perception of

facial beauty. For most people the upper face and

eyes impart more emotion than does any other

part of the human body; it is clear that rejuvenation

of this vital area can provide an esthetically

pleasing result.

Esthetic concerns of the forehead and brow

regions of the face affect a wide range of age

groups. Unlike the standard lower face and neck

rhytidectomy, which more commonly affects

patients after the age of 45 years, cosmetic concerns

in the upper third of the face may be evident

for patients in their twenties and thirties

owing to genetic predisposition. The forehead

and brow area must be entirely evaluated for a

wide range of interlacing diagnoses. Matching

the problem(s) to the ideal rejuvenation technique(

s) is essential for maximum esthetic benefits.

Thinning skin and laxity owing to age and

gravity encompass only a portion of the forehead

and brow dilemmas that must be addressed when

planning rejuvenation procedures (Figure 67-2).

The aging process typically leads to forehead

and brow ptosis on almost every patient; however,

it is important to distinguish whether the ptosis

in the forehead and brow region is owing to

problems with brow position, upper eyelid laxity,

or a combination of the two (Figure 67-3). Other

problems such as dynamic lines caused by muscle

activity in the glabellar region, variable hairline

patterns, bony abnormalities, and asymmetries,

as well as skin texture itself, also must be assessed

in relation to each other. Achieving the patient’s

desired expectation depends not only on sound

surgical skill and judgment, it also depends critically

on communication between the surgeon

and patient. Truthful disclosure of what can reasonably

be attained is prudent and helps to prevent

patient dissatisfaction.

Rejuvenation of the upper third of the face is

one of the most rewarding and fulfilling procedures

a surgeon can offer to select patients. Specific

elevation and correction of lateral hooding

can be appear natural and still impart a tremendous

improvement in the patient’s overall beauty

and youthful appearance (Figure 67-4). The goal

of this chapter is to review the upper third of

facial anatomy specific to forehead and brow

rejuvenation techniques and to discuss a variety

of the most common techniques for rejuvenating

the forehead and brow region.

Anatomic and Esthetic Considerations

It is generally accepted that a youthful forehead is

roughly one-third of the overall facial height.4–9

Essentially, the distance from the hairline to the

glabella is equal to the distance from the glabella

to the point at the base of the columella or subnasale

            (Figure 67-5). A youthful-appearing eyebrow

is different for men and women. The female

eyebrow should be arched with the highest point

of the brow on a sagittal line from the lateral canthus.

10,11 The entire brow itself should be above

the orbital rim. In general the medial brow of the

female is located ideally 1 to 3 mm above the

.